APA format 7th edition
Introduction
APA style guidelines are not intended to limit the range or scope of your ideas, or in any way pre-determine the content of your paper. Rather, APA style guidelines are meant to help you organize and format the presentation of your ideas.
The APA manual distinguishes between the professional paper format and the student paper format. You will use the student paper format in most of your courses. If you take a capstone class, write a dissertation, or submit an article to an academic journal, you may be asked to use the professional paper format.
Capella University does not require every learner submission to include all the elements of an APA style paper, but the university does require learners to follow APA style guidelines for citations and references. If you have questions about whether to follow APA guidelines for other aspects of formatting or style, ask your instructor for guidance.
The Title Page
Guidelines for a Student Paper
Student paper submissions may vary depending on your instructor’s requirements or instructions detailed in the course. However, the APA manual and Academic Writer include guidelines on some basic elements and formatting:
- A title page.
- Page numbers.
- The text.
- A reference list.
Select each icon to learn more.
A Double-Blind Study of Oral Nalmefene for the Treatment of Alcoholism
Title
On the title page, the title should be positioned in the upper half of the page, about three or four lines from the top. The title is bold, centered, and capitalized according to the rules for title case.
Kees L. Vandoren
Byline
Below the paper title, also centered but in regular type (that is, not bold or italic), include your name and any affiliations (if required), such as your department or the university. On the next line, include the course number and name. You may also be asked to include the instructor’s name and date submitted as part of the title page.
MED7780: Advanced Psychopharmacalogy
Instructor: Patricia Luopa, M.D.
December 11, 2020
Guidelines for a Professional Paper
For professional papers, APA requires some basic elements and formatting, as detailed in the APA manual:
- A title page.
- Paper title.
- Author names and appropriate institutional affiliations.
- Author note.
- Page headers with a running head and page numbers.
- An abstract.
- The text.
- A reference list.
Professional papers may also include other elements such as keywords, footnotes, and appendices.
If you are submitting a professional style paper as part of your Capella coursework, follow the specifics provided by your instructor or in the course instructions.
If you are submitting a paper for publication, the APA manual recommends referring to a journal or publisher’s submission guidelines.
ORDER A CUSTOM-WRITTEN PAPER HERE
The Abstract
An abstract is a brief summary of a paper’s contents. Abstracts are often in the form of a single paragraph, no more than 250 words.
For most professional papers, an abstract is required. For student papers, include only if specified by your instructor or within the course.
An abstract should appear on its own page, immediately following the title page—that is, on page 2. Center the word abstract in bold, capitalized (Abstract) at the top of the page. Place the abstract below this title.
If using the common single-paragraph format, do not indent the first line of the paragraph.
Select each icon to learn more.
Abstract
Published research studies were compared to determine the effectiveness of two training methods used to teach machine operators how to troubleshoot manufacturing equipment. The methods are 1) accelerated learning (Sanders, 1997) and 2) Lesgold’s (1999) work in cognitive psychology. Three categories of effectiveness were examined: 1) the rate of skill acquisition, 2) transfer of training, and 3) long-term skill retention. The analyses indicate that the cognitive psychology method is the most effective in all three areas.
The Text (Body of Paper)
This format applies to all pages of text in the body of your paper, excluding the abstract, appendices, and reference lists.
Your font should be accessible to all users, including people using assistive technology. Most modern fonts meet that requirement, and the APA manual includes specific recommendations, such as 11-point Arial and 12-point Times New Roman. Your course instructions or publications guidelines may also specify a font type and size.
Margins
All equal to one inch.
Numbering
Page numbers are one inch from the right-hand side of the paper and about one-half inch above the first line of text
Spacing
All text is double spaced.
Indentation
New paragraphs are indented one half inch. For consistency, use the tab key.
Justification
The left margin is justified. The right margin remains unjustified.
The main problem with the KSA approach is that it does not create the conditions needed to elicit from the expert the knowledge used to solve troubleshooting problems (Murray, 2001). A simple demonstration using two conditions shows why this is the case. In the Ant condition, an interviewer asks an expert to remain silent while doing a troubleshooting problem. When the expert has solved the problem, the expert is asked to describe what he or she was thinking during the exercise. Unless the exercise took very little time, the typical report is rather sketchy and incomplete. In the second condition, the expert is asked to “think out loud” while solving the problem.
In contrast to the first condition, the second condition yields a very detailed list of the knowledge used to reach a solution. In the first condition the expert literally has forgotten much of the knowledge that was used to perform the task. Most of the expert’s troubleshooting knowledge is so closely tied to the problem solving process that it is difficult for the expert to remember the knowledge outside of the context of the actual troubleshooting task. The KSA approach is inadequate for the design of troubleshooting training because it is too far removed
Headings and Subheadings
Headings help organize sections of a manuscript, and in doing so, they also help your reader understand how you layered and prioritized your information. The way you structure your headings depends on several factors:
- Your audience.
- The kind or genre of paper you are writing.
- The length and level of detail of your paper.
- The way you want your information presented or structured.
- Your instructor’s expectations.
Select each icon to learn more.
Tables and Figures
Using tables and figures in your APA format 7th edition paper allows you to present data or other information in a clear, efficient way. Each table and figure should serve a purpose closely related to your paper’s text. Carefully select what you will present using a table or figure. Don’t distract your reader from your text with too many visual elements.
Chapter 7 of the APA manual contains a wealth of recommendations and guidelines for including tables and figures in your paper. Below are some highlights of those guidelines.
Tables
Generally, tables use columns and rows to present information in a specific order that allows readers to draw conclusions. Tables should enhance your reader’s understanding of your paper, so be sure a table format is the best fit for your data. For example, if there is only a small amount of data for a particular point, would it be better to explain it within the text?
If your data would be best presented in a table, choose a design that allows your reader to easily understand what you are summarizing. Give the table a brief and clear title, and label each column so your reader can follow the table elements.
Number all tables consecutively with Arabic numerals in the order in which they appear in the text. Do not use suffix letters to label tables (that is, Table 4a, Table 4b). The table number (for example, Table 1) appears above the table in bold font.
Select each icon to learn more.
Using Numeric Data
This standard table arranges numeric data so that readers can easily compare columns and rows.
Number all tables consecutively with Arabic numerals in the in the order in which they appear in the text. Do not use suffix letters to label tables (Table 4a, Table 4b).
Table 4
| Category | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Black | 28 | 23 | 37 |
| Latinx | 12 | 18 | 15 |
| Native American | 17 | 9 | 20 |
| White | 23 | 27 | 35 |
Using Textual Data
This nonstandard table uses columns and rows to succinctly organize textual information that might interrupt or distract from the text.
Table 11
| Element | Description |
|---|---|
| Vagueness | Forms of communication with meaning(s) not clearly or immediately understood by the recipient |
| “Overload” | Overwhelming one’s intended audience with vast amounts of information or data that may or may not be relevant or useful to the task |
| Infrequency | Maintaining minimal and/or inconstant levels of communication |
Figures
In the APA manual, any type of illustration that is not a table is called a figure. Figures include graphs, charts, diagrams, drawings, maps, and photographs.
Figures may be more useful for summarizing certain types of information or data. For example, a line graph is much better at illustrating trends than a table.
Like tables, figures should be numbered and titled. Number all figures consecutively with Arabic numerals in the order in which they are mentioned in the text. Refer to all figures in the text by using that number.
A figure’s image can also include labels, notes, and a legend (or key) that explains symbols or patterns used, so that your reader easily understands what they are looking at. For example, if a line graph has three lines, label the three lines and each axis of the graph. Refer to the APA manual for more detailed information.
interviewer asks an expert to remain silent while doing a troubleshooting problem.
Figure 4. Strategies for Presenting Information in an Engaging Manner.
Appendices
Appendices are used to present detailed information that would be distracting if included in the body of the paper. Material for an appendix may include a computer program or a sample questionnaire. A course paper may have one or more appendices.
If a course APA format 7th edition paper has only one appendix, it should be labeled “Appendix.” If the paper has more than one appendix, label each with a capital letter (for example, Appendix A, Appendix B, et cetera). More information on appendices may be found in the APA manual.
The Big Picture
As you research and write your paper, you will use the work of other researchers and writers to support your paper’s thesis, argument, and ideas. You may paraphrase other works, quote them directly, or reprint tables, figures, and images. The APA manual (7th edition) and Academic Writer provide guidance on appropriately using and consistently and accurately crediting your sources.
In APA style, you will credit your sources in two ways: by using in-text citations and by creating a reference list.
Example
Bransford, J. D., Brown, A. L., & Cocking, R. R. (Eds.). (1997). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. National Academy Press.
Darling-Hammond, L. (1997). The right to learn: A blueprint for creating schools that work. Jossey-Bass.
Glanz, J., & Neville, R. (Eds.). (1997). Educational supervision: Perspectives, issues and controversies. Christopher Gordon.
Glickman, C. D., Gordon, S. R., & Ross-Gordon, J. M. (2001). Supervision and Instructional Leadership: A Developmental Approach (5th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
In-Text Citations
In-text citations give credit to sources used within the body of your paper. You are expected to cite an author in the text when you paraphrase a source and when you quote a source directly. In-text citations also help direct readers to the complete source information included in your reference list.
APA allows for some flexibility in formatting in-text citations so that they flow into your narrative writing. You can arrange elements of paraphrases and quotations in several ways. The examples in this module demonstrate this flexibility.
1. Paraphrase
Example
According to a recent study, high school students from food-insecure households scored significantly lower on state standardized tests (Jackson, 2019).
2. Quotation
Example
Although smaller high schools sometimes correlate to higher achievement, William (2017) argued that, in many cases, “students have not experienced all the benefits of small high schools because leaders assumed the creation of small high schools was an end in itself” (p. 9).
Citing a Paraphrase
Properly cited paraphrases include two elements:
- The author’s last name (or names if more than one author).
- The year of publication.
Example 1
The year of publication can immediately follow the author’s last name.
According to historian Thomas Balcerski (2020), the least effective vice presidential picks were Aaron Burr, Andrew Johnson, and Spiro Agnew.
Example 2
The author and the year of publication can be listed together after the sentence.
One strategy that managers can use to build trust is to create a “circle of safety” that insulates team members from outside conflicts (Sinek, 2017).
Example 3
For sources with two authors, the last names are combined with an ampersand (&) followed by the year of publication.
When a medical facility has a reputation for employing doctors with strong interpersonal interactions with patients, this can be a key differentiating factor in the marketplace (Chichirez & Purcarea, 2018).
Example 4
Note that if two or more authors are mentioned in running text (rather than in parentheses), their names are separated by the word and.
Chichirez and Purcarea (2018) demonstrated that when a medical facility has a reputation for employing doctors with strong interpersonal interactions with patients, it can be a key differentiating factor in the marketplace.
Example 5
If a source has three or more authors, only the first author’s name is listed, followed by the phrase “et al.”
In workplaces primarily staffed by men, managers need to enact strategies to prevent women from feeling tokenized (Farh et al., 2020).
Citing Quotations
Properly cited quotations include three elements:
- The author’s last name (or names if more than one author).
- The year of publication.
- The page number where the quotation can be found in the original source.
Quotations containing fewer than 40 words should be worked into the body of your paper; long quotations should be set apart from text as block quotations.
Example 1
The elements of an in-text citation can frame a quotation, with the author and year of publication placed before the quote and the page number placed after. In this format, the period follows the page number.
Although the use of dashboard cameras was controversial at first, White and Malm (2020) argued that “the cameras led to increased officer safety and accountability and reduced agency liability” (p. 3).
Example 2
All three elements—the author’s last name, year of publication, and page number—can appear together within parentheses. The period is placed after the sentence and parentheses.
Physical education is less focused on competition than it used to be; these days “a more positive shift towards teaching students to become lifelong movers has been emerging” (McAdams, 2019, p. 2).
Example 3
Long quotations of 40 or more words should be separated from the main body of the text by indenting each line an additional five spaces from the left margin. Note that the period is placed at the end of the quote but before the page number.
Rachel Carson (1962) was one of the first to describe the problem of identifying classic symptoms of pesticide poisoning:
Why does not everyone handling and using insecticides develop the same symptoms? Here the matter of individual sensitivity enters in. Evidence exists that women are more susceptible than men, the very young more than adults, those who lead sedentary lives more than those who lead a rugged life of work. (p. 194)
Citing Electronic Content
If possible, always give the exact page number for quotations of electronic content such as Internet articles. Abbreviate the words page and chapter.
Example 1
(Witherspoon & Roth, 1986, p. 54)
(Shebouza, 2003, chap. 4)
Not all electronic content is paginated (for example, a webpage). If an exact page number is not available, give your reader other information to find the quote, such as a section heading, a paragraph number, or both.
Example 2
(Witherspoon & Roth, 1986, para. 16)
(Shebouza, 2003, Introduction section)
The Reference List
The APA manual focuses on the reference list rather than on the bibliography. They are similar, but while bibliography content can vary according to purpose, a reference list is only the sources you cite in your paper. Your reference list provides the basic information readers need to access your cited sources. It also demonstrates the depth and breadth of your research.
Note: If your course work calls for a bibliography, many APA formatting guidelines can be applied. See the manual for more information.
General Guidelines
- The reference list begins on the first page after the body of the paper.
- The first letter of the word References is capitalized, and the word is centered at the top of the page.
- The margins, spacing, page numbers, and manuscript heading remain the same as in the body of the paper.
- All references are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s surname.
- If there are two or more references by the same author, use the year of publication to order the references.
- If an author has written documents with different co-authors, alphabetize by the surname of the first author, then the second or third author.
Conchas, G. Q., Hinga, B. M., Abad, M. N., & Gutierrez, K. D. (Eds.). (2019). The complex web of inequality in North American schools: Investigating educational policies for social justice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315170152
Gelzheiser, L. M., Scanlon, D. M., Hallgren-Flynn, L., & Connors, P. (2018). Comprehensive reading intervention in grades 3-8: Fostering word learning, comprehension, and motivation. Guilford Publications.
Harper, S., & Quaye, S. J. (Eds.). (2014). Student engagement in higher education: Theoretical perspectives and practical approaches for diverse populations (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429400698
McMillan, J. H. (2017). Classroom assessment: Principles and practice that enhance student learning and motivation. Pearson.
URLs and DOIs
A URL, or uniform resource locator, is the complete address of an Internet resource and can be found in the address bar of your browser. URLs can be included at the end of a reference to directly link users to Internet content. For example:
Farrow, R. N. (2019, June 14). Kids want screen time? Make ’em work for it! Comfy Pants and Coffee Cups. https://www.comfypantsandcoffee.com/blog/kids-earn-screentime
However, URLs may break, change, or disappear. To counter this problem, publishers began using DOIs, or digital object identifiers. DOIs are permanent, stable links to online articles and other content. DOIs typically can be found on the first page of an article near the copyright notice. For example:
Stormer, N., & McGreavy, B. (2017). Thinking ecologically about rhetoric’s ontology: Capacity, vulnerability, and resilience. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 50(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.5325/philrhet.50.1.0001
Because DOIs are permanent, use one if available, instead of a URL. If no DOI is available—for example, with a book or more informal online communication such as a blog post—use the URL. Even if you are working with the printed version of a resource (a journal article, for example), include a DOI if available.
For more information about DOIs and URLs, refer to the APA manual (7th edition) and Academic Writer.
Sample References
Scholarly Journal Article
Elements:
- Author’s last name followed by a comma and initials.
- Year of publication inside parentheses followed by a period.
- The main title and subtitle, in sentence case (first words only are capitalized), not italicized, and ending with a period.
- The journal title, in title case (that is, important words in the title are capitalized), italicized, ending with a comma.
- The journal volume number, italicized. The issue number follows immediately (no space), not italicized and in parentheses, followed by a comma.
- The page numbers separated by an en dash and not italicized.
- The DOI or URL, with no period at the end.
Example
Wyatt, D. L. (2019). Employing technology to make transitions safer. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 34(3), 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000417
Journal Article With Two or More Authors
Elements:
- Authors’ last names and initials separated by commas; the names of the last two authors are separated by an ampersand (&).
- APA requires you to list the names of all authors in the reference list—up to 20. If there are more than 20 authors, list the first 19 author names and the last author name, with an ellipsis in place of the omitted names.
- Year of publication in parentheses, followed by a period.
- The main title and subtitle, in sentence case, italicized, and ending with a period.
- The journal volume number, italicized. The issue number follows immediately (no space), not italicized and in parentheses, followed by a comma.
- The page numbers separated by an en dash and not italicized.
- The DOI or URL, with no period at the end.
Examples
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037110003-066X.55.1.68
Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J. K., & Sheldon, K. M. (2011). Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well- being. Emotion, 11(2), 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022575
Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935–1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537
Book With a Single Author
Elements:
- Author’s last name, followed by a comma and initials.
- Year of publication in parentheses, followed by a period.
- The main title and subtitle, if present, in sentence case, italicized and ending with a period.
- Edition information in parentheses. Note: Omit for the first edition.
- The name of the publisher, followed by a period.
- If available, the DOI, with no final period.
Examples
Bacchus, J. (2018). The willing world: Shaping and sharing a sustainable global prosperity. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552417
Allen, K. E., & Cowdery, G. E. (2015). The exceptional child: Inclusion in early childhood education (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Book With Two or More Authors
Elements:
- Authors’ last names and initials, separated by commas; the names of the last two authors are separated by an ampersand (&).
- Year of publication in parentheses, followed by a period.
- The main title and subtitle, if present, in sentence case, italicized, and ending with a period.
- The name of the publisher, followed by a period.
- If available, the DOI, with no final period.
Example
Diem, S., & Welton, A. D. (2020). Anti-racist educational leadership and policy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429487224
Chapter in an Edited Book
Elements:
- Author’s last name followed by a comma and initials.
- The year of publication in parentheses.
- The book chapter in sentence case, not italicized.
- The editor or editors’ name with initial first, followed by “Ed.” or ”Eds.” in parentheses.
- The title of the book in sentence case, italicized, followed by the chapter’s page numbers in parentheses.
- The name of the publisher, followed by a period.
- If available, the DOI, with no final period.
Example
Machado, C. M. (2020). Mother tongue. In M. Filgate (Ed.), What my mother and I don’t talk about: Fifteen writers break the silence (pp. 143–154). Simon & Schuster.
Publication With a Group Author
The example below can also be used for a source from an organization with no specific author or editor listed.
Elements:
- The name of the organization that authored the publication.
- The year of publication in parentheses, followed by a period.
- Title of publication in italics.
- The publisher’s name, if different than the group author.
- If available, the DOI or URL, with no final period.
APA format 7th edition Examples
Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology. (2020). A report on consumer fixed broadband performance in the United States. https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/measuring-broadband-america/measuring-fixed-broadband-ninth-report
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Ageing. https://www.who.int/health-topics/ageing#tab=tab_1
Newspaper Article
Elements:
- The author’s last name followed by a comma and initials.
- The full date of publication in YYYY, Month Date format, in parentheses, followed by a period.
- The title of the article in sentence case.
- Title of publication in title case and italicized.
- The pages on which the article appears.
- If available, the DOI or URL, with no final period.
Example
Gahan, M. B. (2020, August 20). Storing carbon in the prairie grass. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2020/08/19/climate-change-prairie/
Webpage on a News Website
Many news media outlets also maintain websites. If the content you are referencing cannot be categorized as an article from an online magazine or newspaper, use this webpage format.
Elements:
- The author’s last name followed by a comma and initials.
- The full date of publication in YYYY, Month, Date format, in parentheses followed by a period.
- The title of the article in sentence case, italicized.
- The name of the website, not italicized, followed by a period.
- The webpage URL or DOI, with no final period.
Example
Muntean, P., & Wallace, G. (2020, September 2). United Airlines will furlough 16,000 employees. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/02/investing/united-airlines-furloughs/index.html
Online-Only Periodicals
Some newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals offer both print versions and online versions, but some periodicals are available exclusively online. Online periodicals should be referenced the same way as print periodicals. This includes online newsletter articles. Include the DOI, if there is one; if not, use the URL.
Example
Egan, S. A. (2020, July 15). Two parents conference call at the halt of the world. Midway Journal, 14(3). https://midwayjournal.com/two-parents-conference-call-at-the-halt-of-the-world/
Social Media Citations
Social media content (from Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, and the like) can be cited in your reference list, but only if these sources are recoverable. If these sources are not accessible to the general public, they are not recoverable and can only be discussed in the text of your paper as personal communication.
For example, a Facebook post can be included in your research, but only if the post is available on an account that all users can see. If a Facebook post is only available to Facebook friends of the user, then the post is not recoverable.
Only cite social media content that is original. For example, if a Facebook post links to an article that has information you want to use, cite that article directly rather than citing the Facebook post.
Social media posts should include the following:
- Author or authors’ last names and initials.
- If the author has a user name on the digital platform, include this in square brackets, along with the @ symbol.
- The complete date of the post in parentheses, written in YYYY, Month, Date format.
- The content of the actual post up to the first 20 words, in italics.
- If there are audiovisuals in the post, write a brief description of these audiovisuals, in square brackets.
- The name of the site, capitalized.
- The URL, with no final period.
Examples
Fox Hollow Animal Hospital. (2020, August 8). Colorado dog owners beware! Blue green algae is very toxic to dogs. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/foxhollowvet/posts/4394062930634418
Dept. of Agriculture [@USDA] (2020, August 21). We’ve just announced a new Agriculture Innovation Agenda site! The AIA is our commitment to the continued success of American [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/USDA/status/1296866021500911616
Blog Post
The format for blog posts is similar to online newspaper and magazine articles.
Elements:
- Author’s last name and initials, followed by a period.
- The complete date of the post in parentheses, in YYYY, Month, Date format.
- The post title, in sentence case, not italicized.
- The post title, in sentence case, not italicized.
- The name of the blog, in title case and italicized.
- The URL, with no final period.
Example
Winck, B. (2020, September 2). Robinhood faces SEC investigation over deals with high-speed trading firms, report says. Business Insider. https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/robinhood-sec-investigation-high-speed-trading-firm-deals-market-makers-2020-9-1029557810
E-books
Many books are now available in both printed versions and as e-books. E-books should be referenced the same way as print books. It is not necessary to provide the platform on which the e-book was accessed (for example, Kindle), and it is not necessary to indicate that the source was accessed electronically. Be sure to include the DOI, if there is one, or a URL.
Example
Gibbs, W. S. (2017). Old-fashioned economical cooking: Healthy culinary ideas on a budget. Racehorse. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=u1-CDwAAQBAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.PP1
Webpages and Website Documents
When referencing content from a website, first make sure that the content does not fall under another reference category, such as an electronic journal article or a periodical.
Content from websites—including documents that can be downloaded from those sites—are all referenced the same way, with these elements:
- Author or authors’ last names followed by a comma and initials. Keep in mind that the author may be an organization.
- Publications date in parentheses, followed by a period. If no date is obviously indicated for that specific webpage or document, use “(n.d.)” for “no date.”
- The page or document title and subtitle, if present, in sentence case, italicized, and ending with a period.
- The name of the website, in title case, not italicized. Note: If a group author name is the same as the website name, omit this element.
- The URL of the website.
Example
Upham, B. (2020, July 6). Yoga 101: The poses, the types, the health benefits, and if you’re a beginner, how to get started on the mat. Everyday Health. https://www.everydayhealth.com/yoga/
For more information about how to reference social media posts and sites, refer to the APA manual (7th edition) and Academic Writer.
Online Government, Corporate, or University Documents
In many cases, the author of these documents will be the name of an organization. When the author is also the publisher—which will often be the case—you can omit the publisher listing.
You may come across a document with no page numbers; if this is the case, use the section header and the paragraph number for in-text citations.
Example
State of Maine, Department of Administrative and Financial Services. (2019, December 14). Maine state government annual report. https://www.maine.gov/budget/sites/maine.gov.budget/files/inline-files/Annual%20Report%202018-2019%20NEW.PDF APA format 7th edition